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Sources

“First-hand” means we have read the figure in the study or its data table ourselves. “Second-hand” means we have only seen it in a summary, and that is a debt we want to pay off.

Research

Peer-reviewed studies and reports from research institutes. These are what carry the content.

SourceReadUsed in
Stockholm Environment Institute (2025): Emissions inequality dashboard, data by income percentile 1990–2022 ↗First-handSweden, The world, Flying
Chancel (2022): Global carbon inequality over 1990–2019, Nature Sustainability ↗First-handThe world
Bruckner et al. (2022): Impacts of poverty alleviation on national and global carbon emissions, Nature Sustainability (supplement and data) ↗First-handThe world
Oswald, Owen & Steinberger (2020): Large inequality in international and intranational energy footprints, Nature Energy ↗First-handThe world
Ivanova & Wood (2020): The unequal distribution of household carbon footprints in Europe, Global Sustainability ↗First-handSweden
Schöngart et al. (2025): High-income groups disproportionately contribute to climate extremes worldwide, Nature Climate Change ↗First-handThe heat
Bressler (2021): The mortality cost of carbon, Nature Communications ↗First-handThe heat
Hundessa et al. (2025): Global excess deaths associated with heatwaves in 2023, The Innovation (abstract) ↗Second-handThe heat
Jafino et al. (2020): Revised estimates of the impact of climate change on extreme poverty by 2030, World Bank ↗First-handThe heat
Gössling et al. (2024): Private aviation is making a growing contribution to climate change, Communications Earth & Environment ↗First-handFlying, The levers
CE Delft (2023): CO2 emissions of private aviation in Europe, the section on Sweden (commissioned by Greenpeace) ↗First-handFlying, The levers
Chancel & Rehm (2026): Global inequalities in ownership-based carbon footprints, Nature Climate Change ↗First-handOwnership
Freund & Oliver (2016): The Origins of the Superrich, PIIE, Table A3 ↗First-handWealth
World Inequality Database: Sweden, wealth distribution by percentile (bulk data, October 2026) ↗First-handWealth
Tian et al. (2024): Keeping the global consumption within the planetary boundaries, Nature ↗First-handThe world
Ivanova et al. (2020): Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options, Environmental Research Letters ↗First-handThe levers
Andersson (2019): Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions: Sweden as a Case Study, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy (abstract) ↗Second-handThe levers
Zucman (2024): A blueprint for a coordinated minimum effective taxation standard for ultra-high-net-worth individuals, report to the G20 ↗First-handThe levers
Jakobsen, Kleven, Kolsrud, Landais & Muñoz (2026): Taxing Top Wealth: Migration Responses, American Economic Review (abstract and introduction) ↗Second-handThe levers
Ring (2026): Taxing Entrepreneurial Wealth: Evidence from Norway, 2021–2025, NBER (abstract) ↗Second-handThe levers
Emilsson et al. (2026): De rika och klimatet [The rich and the climate], SOM Institute, University of Gothenburg, Tables 1 and 3 (SOM 2025) (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
Persson & Sundell (2024): The Rich Have a Slight Edge, British Journal of Political Science, Table 1 ↗First-handPower
Mathisen et al. (2023): Unequal Responsiveness and Government Partisanship in Northwest Europe, in Unequal Democracies ↗First-handPower
IPCC (2022): AR6 Working Group III, Summary for Policymakers B.4.1 and sections 1.4.5 and 13.4 ↗First-handPower, The levers
Brulle (2018): The climate lobby: a sectoral analysis of lobbying spending on climate change in the USA, 2000 to 2016, Climatic Change ↗First-handPower
Lidman & Skog (2021): on dual-class (A and B) shares in Sweden, ECGI Law Working Paper 580, Table 1 ↗First-handPower
Ballester et al. (2023): Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine ↗First-handThe heat
Gössling & Humpe (2020): The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change, Global Environmental Change (abstract) ↗First-handFlying
Lundberg et al. (2026): Charging forward or falling behind? Effects of electric vehicle subsidy removal, Transportation Research Part D ↗First-handThe levers

Official statistics

Agencies and international bodies such as the UN, the World Bank and the IEA.

SourceReadUsed in
Kammarkollegiet, the Legal, Financial and Administrative Services Agency: Partiinsyn, open data on party income 2018–2025 (our summary) (in Swedish) ↗First-handPower
Statistics Sweden (2026): Share ownership statistics, first half of 2026 (in Swedish) ↗First-handPower
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (2026): Sweden’s emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, 1990–2025 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
Government bill 2023/24:28 Sänkning av reduktionsplikten för bensin och diesel [Lowering the reduction obligation for petrol and diesel], sections 8.3 and 8.7 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
Government bill 2024/25:1, the budget bill for 2025, section 12.18.3 on scrapping the aviation tax (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
National Institute of Economic Research (2023): Miljö, ekonomi och politik 2023 [Environment, economy and policy] (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
Swedish Climate Policy Council (2026): Report 2026, sections 3.2–3.3 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
UN Environment Programme, UNEP (2024): Emissions Gap Report 2024, Tables ES.2 and 4.2 ↗First-handSweden
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (2026): Consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions per person and year (in Swedish) ↗First-handSweden
SOU 2022:15 Sveriges globala klimatavtryck [Sweden’s global climate footprint], government inquiry, on emissions by income group (in Swedish) ↗Second-handSweden
IEA (2023): The world’s top 1% of emitters produce over 1000 times more CO2 than the bottom 1% ↗First-handThe world
Statistics Sweden: Living Conditions Surveys, economic vulnerability 2021–2025 (material and social deprivation) (in Swedish) ↗First-handWealth
World Bank: Poverty and Inequality Platform, income lines and shares 2022–2024 (our calculation, in 2021 purchasing power) ↗First-handThe world
SOU 2025:52 Ökad insyn i politiska processer [More transparency in political processes], chapter 8 (survey of members of the Riksdag) (in Swedish) ↗First-handPower